Paul Willis' view on education includes which idea?

• A. Education is a strong universal agent of socialisation.
• B. There is a direct economy-education relationship.
• C. There is some general notion that all students resist school values.
• D. Some students resist school values and this leads to pathways to male-dominated, semi-skilled work.

Answer: (D)

Willis argues that pupils aren’t passive receivers of schooling. He shows that some working-class boys actively resist school values and form a counter-school subculture, the so-called “lads.” This resistance becomes part of their masculine identity and helps shape their futures, guiding them toward male-dominated, semi-skilled work rather than into higher-status roles. In this view, education can reproduce class structure because the very habits and attitudes learned in school—especially when students reject its values—prepare them for a specific kind of labor market. So, the idea captured here is that some students resist school values and this resistance leads to pathways to male-dominated, semi-skilled work.