Which of the following is an internal factor affecting educational achievement?

• A. Parental attitudes.
• B. School ethos.
• C. Language differences between social classes.
• D. Economic deprivation.

Answer: (B)

The main idea here is what inside a school can shape how well students do. School ethos means the culture, values, and daily climate the school creates—the expectations it sets, how staff and pupils relate to each other, and the overall support and routines in place. A positive ethos helps students stay motivated, feel included, and trust that effort will pay off. When students experience high expectations, good support, and a sense of belonging, they’re more likely to engage with learning, attend regularly, and push through difficulties, which tends to boost achievement.

The other options describe influences that come from outside the school. Parental attitudes reflect home life and how much parents engage with education. Language differences between social classes point to home and community backgrounds that affect how students grasp and use language in school. Economic deprivation involves poverty-related barriers outside the school, such as access to resources. Since these are outside the school’s control and originate from students’ external environments, they are external factors. So, the internal factor affecting educational achievement in this item is the school ethos.